First images of particle jets at edge of a supermassive black hole

Supermassive black holes appear to occupy the center of almost all galaxies. When they are actively swallowing matter, these black holes can power energetic jets that shine brighter than the entire rest of the galaxy, and can shoot matter free of it.  Despite the mass and energy involved, however, the origin of these jets has been extremely hard to image, both because they're relatively compact, and because they're situated in the crowded centers of distant galaxies.

Now, however, researchers are putting together an array of telescopes stretched across the globe with the specific goal of imaging the environment near these supermassive black holes. The team behind the Event Horizon Telescope has now used it to image the black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy, and returned the first details of the disk of matter that is being sucked into that galaxy's central black hole.

It's difficult to imagine the environment near a supermassive black hole. These objects are typically over a million times the mass of our Sun, but all of that matter is crammed into a space that may only be a fraction of the Sun's radius. Any matter falling into one piles up into an orbiting disk of material (called an accretion disk) that increases in density and energy as you get closer to black hole. Any matter that crosses a critical point, however, rapidly spirals inward to the black hole itself.  The inner area of the disk is so energetic that it actually sends matter away from the black hole in a wind of particles.

But that's not the most energetic part. Even further inward, the intense magnetic field lines sometimes cross the event horizon of the black hole itself, propelling intense beams of charged particles away from the black hole. These jets interact with the wind of particles coming from the accretion disk, which focuses them into narrow beams that move at nearly the speed of light. These have so much energy that they are (in some cases) able to propel particles for hundreds of thousands of light years, sending them entirely out of the galaxy, where the particles eventually slow by interacting with the intergalactic medium.

Or that's what theoretical considerations seem to tell us. To actually image any of this, however, has been a serious challenge. It's what the Event Horizon Telescope was intended to solve. In a paper in this week's edition of Science, four of the telescope's instruments were pointed towards the center of M87: Hawaii's James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, the Submillimeter Telescope in Arizona, and two telescopes at CARMA in California. By carefully timing the incoming signals at each of these scopes (and using the two neighboring instruments in California to refine the signal), the researchers could turn these distant instruments into a single, giant telescope, one that could resolve details of the environment near the central black hole.

This system managed to image the area around the black hole down to a resolution on the scale of the Schwarzchild radius. And they were able to spot that the base of the high-energy jets is only a few times the size of the black hole itself (5.5 times the Schwarzchild radius), which "is consistent with scales on which energy is extracted from the black hole and accretion disk to feed the jet."

This also tells us something about the accretion disk. If the disk and black hole were rotating in opposite directions, the inner edge of the disk would be much further from the black hole itself than if they were rotating in the same direction. The size of the jets seen here is too small to arise from a system where the two bodies are rotating in opposite directions, so we can conclude that the disk is following the rotation of the black hole it orbits.
Even if the Event Horizon Telescope is improved, we're not likely to get a better picture of the black hole's environment, because the model built from the observation runs up against limits that arise from our uncertainties regarding the distance to M87 and the mass of the black hole within it. But the authors hope to be able to use the telescope to continue observations over longer periods of time, since the accretion disk probably contains an uneven distribution of matter, which could create periodic irregularities in the output.

Plus, eventually, they hope to turn the telescope on our own galaxy's black hole. It's not as active as M87's, but it still seems to be swallowing enough matter to make checking it out at high resolution worth our while.

E392 Antenna | HUAWEI E392 LTE External antenna

E392 Antenna | HUAWEI E392 LTE External antenna

Huawei Device Ramps Up 4G

Vancouver, Canada, September 26, 2012: Huawei, a leading global information and communications technology (ICT) solutions provider, announced the availability of its

ultra-fast 4G smartphone, the HUAWEI Ascend P1 LTE at the Global Mobile Broadband Forum 2012 in Vancouver, Canada. The HUAWEI Ascend P1 LTE will be available in the UK

exclusively from EE, with availability in other markets to follow. At the event, Huawei also underscored its commitment to increase access to high-speed mobile

experiences for more people around the world through strengthening their LTE product portfolio which includes many first-in-class LTE products such as the Huawei B593,

the world's first LTE TDD wireless broadband router and the Huawei E398, the world’s first triple-mode LTE modem.
“LTE is the future of mobile communications, and faster data networks will become a key area of differentiation for consumers when choosing their mobile devices,”

said Kevin Ho, President of the Handset Product Line of Huawei Device. “Huawei is committed to LTE innovation throughout the entire communications infrastructure from

the ground to the cloud. The availability of the HUAWEI Ascend P1 LTE is just one more way in which we are putting great technology into the hands of more people

globally.”

Huawei Ascend P1 LTE is currently the device compatible with the highest number of frequency bands and is being tested on operators’ networks across Europe, Latin

America, North America, Asia-Pacific.  Through Ascend P1 LTE, Huawei Device is helping operators to develop and expand their LTE user base.  Since initiating LTE R&D

efforts in 2004, Huawei has been a global leader in the development of LTE technology and has led the way in commercial LTE rollouts.

Ultra-Fast Mobile Communication with the Ascend P1 LTE

With its 2,000mAh Li-Polymer battery and powerful 1.5 GHz dual-core processor, the HUAWEI Ascend P1 LTE enables faster downloads at a data transmission rate of up to

100 Mbit/s that far outperforms HSDPA. Its ultra-low latency guarantees smooth video calls and online games.

The Ascend P1 LTE, running the Android Ice Cream Sandwich operating system, is an entertainment dynamo with pace to burn. The 1GB RAM ensures smooth browsing and the

4GB ROM offers capacity for limitless apps from the Google Play? Store. The HUAWEI Ascend P1 LTE also provides an array of multimedia features to delight photographers

and movie-makers. Its 8-megapixel camera with dual LED flash captures 30 images per second to preserve every memorable moment. The second-generation 10.9-cm (4.3-inch)

Super AMOLED qHD display with scratchproof Corning? Gorilla? Glass2 provides enhanced stability and durability.

Whale beaches on storm-wracked Northumberland coast

While the north of England turns its mind to clearing up following the two-day deluge – coverage here - another possible victim of the weather has turned up on the Northumberland coast.

It is an eight-metre-long minke whale which has beached itself at Druridge Bay, scene of last weekend's mass naked swim which you can read about here or watch on a video clip here.

The whale was first reported earlier this morning by a walker who 'phoned the north east Coastguard. They sent divers and alerted the fire service for possible heavy lifting later in the day. A vet is treating the whale which is described as dehydrated, under-nourished and much thinner than normal for a creature of its size and estimated age.

Richard Stewart, the watch officer at Humber Coastguard says:

This morning at about 7.50am we received a call from a member of the public saying that she had come across a beached whale on Druridge Bay. Coastguard colleagues, divers, the fire brigade and vet are all there now. The whale is still alive.

Minke whales off the UK tend to be solitary or limited to small groups of two or three, usually staying within 40 miles (64.5kms) of the coast. Beaching is unusual but can happen in unusual weather conditions or when a whale becomes ill and disorientated or too weak to resist tidal movement.

Steven Marsh, operations manager at British Divers Marine Life Rescue based in Uckfield Sussex says:

This one has stopped eating for whatever reason - maybe it has a disease or parasite, or something in its mouth that causes problems with feeding. We won't know how best to care for it until the vet gives their assessment.

If the whale is thought capable of surviving, it will be relaunched on a PVC mat attached to pontoons for the ebbing tide to take it our to sea. But Marsh adds:

It hasn't got any muscle on it at all, and the last thing we want to do is put an animal back in the sea that's likely to suffer and come back again.

There's more about finding stranded marine mammals here and the long and complex history of whale beachings here. Animals incapable of reasonably rapid relaunch are treated humanely but are seldom capable of surviving.

Update 11.30am: Marsh says that sadly the whale is too sick to be relaunched:

They're attempting to euthanise it now using a drug that will put it to sleep. It was in a very poor shape and we don't re-float animals that would die if they were released out to sea.

The storm hasn't killed this whale, but it may have caused it to wash up on the beach. If there is a storm, sick whales are less able to fight it and are more likely to be swept on to beaches.



the news comes from UK.

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Humongous, gassy halo found surrounding Milky Way

Our galaxy — and the nearby Large and Small Magellanic Clouds as well — appears to be surrounded by an enormous halo of hot gas, several hundred times hotter than the surface of the Sun and with an equivalent mass of up to 60 billion Suns, suggesting that other galaxies may be similarly encompassed and providing a possible clue to the mystery of the galaxy’s missing baryons — a.k.a., dark matter.
The findings were reported today by a research team using data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.

In the artist’s rendering above our Milky Way galaxy is seen at the center of a cloud of hot gas. This cloud has been detected in measurements made with Chandra as well as with the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton space observatory and Japan’s Suzaku satellite. The illustration shows it to be nearly 300,000 light-years across — and it may actually be even bigger than that.

Are you scientifically literate? Take our quiz

While observing bright x-ray sources hundreds of millions of light-years distant, the researchers found that oxygen ions in the immediate vicinity of our galaxy were “selectively absorbing” some of the x-rays. They were then able to measure the temperature of the halo of gas responsible for the absorption.

The scientists determined the temperature of the halo is between 1 million and 2.5 million kelvins — a few hundred times hotter than the surface of the Sun.

But even with an estimated mass anywhere between 10 billion and 60 billion Suns, the density of the halo at that scale is still so low that any similar structure around other galaxies would escape detection. Still, the presence of such a large halo of hot gas, if confirmed, could reveal where the missing baryonic matter in our galaxy has been hiding — and possibly hint at the true nature of dark matter throughout the Universe.

Read: Dark Matter Filaments Bind Galaxies Together

Even though previous studies have indicated halos of warm gas existing around our galaxy as well as others, this new research shows a much hotter, much more massive halo than ever detected.

“Our work shows that, for reasonable values of parameters and with reasonable assumptions, the Chandra observations imply a huge reservoir of hot gas around the Milky Way,” said study co-author Smita Mathur of Ohio State University in Columbus. “It may extend for a few hundred thousand light-years around the Milky Way or it may extend farther into the surrounding local group of galaxies. Either way, its mass appears to be very large.”

Probe into cause of Fife mass whale stranding continues

The environment secretary said he wanted the report results "as soon as possible"
Scientists are continuing their investigations into what caused a group of whales to die in a mass stranding on the Fife coast.

Twenty-two pilot whales died when they became beached between Pittenweem and Anstruther earlier this month.

Researchers at the Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) have been examining the carcasses.

Environment Secretary Richard Lochhead has requested a full report into the incidents "as soon as possible".

In a separate incident, a dead sei whale was also found on a beach at Eliot near Arbroath last week.

Initial results
Mr Lochhead said: "It is deeply distressing when we hear reports of whales dying, particularly mass stranding incidents such as we saw earlier this month in Fife.

"The reasons why whale strandings take place, be it natural causes or linked to human activities, are not known.

"The initial findings do not point towards any obvious health problems, however I hope that by examining and testing the carcasses, SAC will be able to shed light on

this concerning issue."

Following the mass stranding of the pilot whales, each of them approximately 20ft (6m) long, ten others were refloated after being kept alive by vets from British

Divers and Marine Life Rescue.

There are many reasons why whales come close to shore and strand, according to SAC veterinary investigation officer Andrew Brownlow.

He said: "Initial results on the pilot whales suggest most were healthy.

"Strandings are sadly not uncommon with social cetacean species, where many animals appear to strand because they follow a sick, lost or panicked individual."


remark :the news from BBC.

AirCard W801|AirCard W801 Unlocked| 3G /4GMobile hotspot|the fastest for EVDO networks

If you ask now of science and technology in the world the most powerful is who, so there is no doubt that, when belong to the United States. Sprint is the third major mobile operators. Sprint is a global communication company, now to bring you Sprint is one of its most popular paragraph 3 g / 4 gAirCard W801。It has a 1.4″ LCD that provides important information such as connection status, connected users and battery life.Its whole body is black design, be able to bear or endure dirty, a key control switch。 It also includes built-in antenna,a wide range of expanding network coverage.Let you don't have to worry about network suddenly got disconnected .AirCard W801 mobile hotspot has a MicroSD card expansion slot creating shared storage.You can use it to download a lot of music, movies, ebook.

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Nasa's Curiosity rover to begin Martian rock studies

Nasa's Curiosity Rover will study its first martial rock tomorrow, more than a month after landing on the Red Planet, mission officials said.
Mars Science Laboratory project scientist John Grotzinger said the rover drove for another 100 feet last night, for a total travel distance of 950 feet so far.
"So we are making steady progress toward Glenelg," a region where three different terrains join together, he told a teleconference. "We are actually half way there."
Curiosity is on a two-year mission to investigate whether it is possible to live on Mars and to learn whether conditions there might have been able to support life in

the past.
The science team plans to have Curiosity pause for a few days in order to perform the mission's first "contact science" by using instruments on the vehicle's robot arm

to photograph and analyse a pyramid-shaped rock.
The rock measures about 10 inches high by 16 inches wide at the base.
It will be photographed by the rover's Mars Hand Lens Imager, or MAHLI, and its Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, or APXS, which can assess the rock's chemical

composition. Curiosity, equipped with a total of 10 scientific instruments, also has a powerful laser that can reach targets up to 23 feet away.
In recent days, the rover has snapped hundreds of photographs of three partial eclipses of the sun by the two Martian moons Phobos and Deimos.
Curiosity's final destination is the base of Mount Sharp, a mound of layered terrain at the heart of Gale Crater that could reveal clues about the geological history

of Mars. The journey is expected to take at least three months.
Source: agencies.


remark:the news come from USA.

Swedish doctors claim 1st mom-daughter uterus transplant

Two Swedish women are carrying the wombs of their mothers after what doctors called the world's first mother-to-daughter uterus transplants.

Specialists at the University of Gothenburg completed the surgery on Sept. 15-16 without complications, but say they won't consider the procedures successful unless

the women achieve pregnancy after their observation period ends a year from now.
"We are not going to call it a complete success until this results in children," said Michael Olausson, one of the Swedish surgeons told The Associated Press. "That's

the best proof."

He said the women started in-vitro fertilization before the surgery. Their frozen embryos will be thawed and transferred if the women are in good health after the

observation period, Olausson said.

The university said one recipient had her uterus removed many years ago due to cervical cancer and the other was born without a uterus. Both women are in their 30s.

"Both patients that received new uteri are doing fine but are tired after surgery. The donating mothers are up and walking and will be discharged from the hospital

within a few days," team leader Mats Brannstrom said in a statement.

Turkish doctors last year said they performed the first successful uterus transplant, giving a womb from a deceased donor to a young woman. Olausson said that woman

was doing fine but wasn't sure whether she had started undergoing fertility treatment yet.

In 2000, doctors in Saudi Arabia transplanted a uterus from a live donor, but it had to be removed three months later because of a blood clot.


remark:the news comes from BBC

huawei e220|huawei e220 USB|huawei e220 unlocked mobile dongle |huawei e220 3G modem

Along with the science development step by step, high-tech products more and more diversified. The development of 3 g products to mature. The latest high-tech thing is have a lot of variability, people may not believe in it。But Huawei launched huawei E220　modem is the earliest one product ,is the earliest support plug and play USB form, it has passed the credibility of this a few older proof of time.
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    HSDPA/WCDMA/UMTS 2100MHz
    GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900MHz
    Built-in antenna
    HS USB & SMS service
    MicroSD card expansion slot
    Dimensions: 89 x 43 x 14.5mm
    OS: Windows XP/Vista/7/8,Linux, Ubuntu, Mac OS.
Good products, the baptism of withstand time. Huawei e220 USB modem is the best proof.Let you exclusive to 3 g network world。

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. : Huawei Launches the World's First Module Fully Compatible with NGFF Interface Specification

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. : Huawei Launches the World's First Module Fully Compatible with NGFF Interface Specification

China lauded for ozone layer protection

BEIJING - The Ozone Secretariat of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) conferred a honor to the Chinese government for its contribution to ozone layer protection in an event marking this year's International Ozone Layer Protection Day that fell on Sunday.
Zhang Lijun, vice minister of environmental protection, said at the event that China has phased out more than 100,000 tons of ozone depleting substances (ODS) since 1991, an amount that accounted for around half the total disposed of by the developing countries.
Since signing the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1991, China continued to improve its management over ODS and phase out ODS production and consumption, contributing greatly to global efforts in ozone layer protection, according to Zhang.
China will face an "extremely arduous" task in meeting the next phase goal of ODS elimination set by the Protocol, he said.
Ozone shields the planet from the harmful ultraviolet-B radiation of the sun. It also completely screens out lethal UV-C radiation.
Signed by 24 nations in 1987, the Montreal Protocol set a global agenda for ODS elimination.


remark:the news come from the chinadaily.

huawei e587|huawei e587 Rocket WiFi|huawei e587unlocked hotspot router |huawei e587 mobile mifi

Today's world of 3 G is the mainstream, along with the technological development step by step, 4 G era is coming, and it also will become the mainstream of future development. Huawei E587 hotspot router arrival is a good proof. The Huawei E587 is an upgrade to The Huawei E586 supporting HSPA + networks but this time, instead of The 21 MBPS speeds of The latter, The E587mobile mifi can now handle bandwidth speeds of up to 42 MBPS. I believe this is also The same unit that is being using by Smart in their Rocket WiFi Plus plan.

Now. Let you see huawei E587 unlocked features:

　　DC-HSPA+ DL up to 42Mbps
    HSUPA UL up to 5.76Mbps
    DC-HSPA+/HSPA+/HSPA/UMTS 900/2100MHz
    GSM/GPRS/EDGE 850/900/1800/1900MHz
    MicroSD Card slot(32G extension)
    2200mAh E587 battery
    Date and SMS service, PnP
    Wi-Fi 802.1b/g/n
    Dimensions: 102 x 56 x 15.5mm
    OS: Windows XP/Vista/7,Linux, Mac OS.
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A difficult start: Astronomers reveal how planets can form in the centre of the Milky Way

At first glance, the center of the Milky Way seems like a very inhospitable place to try to form a planet.
Stars crowd each other, supernova explosions blast out shock waves, and powerful gravitational forces from a supermassive black hole twist and warp the fabric of space

itself.
However, US researchers now believe they have found proof that in this most difficult of environments, planets can form.
Astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics found a cloud of hydrogen and helium plunging toward the galactic centre.
They argue that this cloud represents the shredded remains of a planet-forming disk orbiting an unseen star.
'This unfortunate star got tossed toward the central black hole.
'Now it's on the ride of its life, and while it will survive the encounter, its protoplanetary disk won't be so lucky,' said lead author Ruth Murray-Clay of the CfA.
The results are appearing in the journal Nature.
The cloud in question was discovered last year by a team of astronomers using the Very Large Telescope in Chile.
They speculated that it formed when gas streaming from two nearby stars collided, like windblown sand gathering into a dune.
Murray-Clay and co-author Avi Loeb propose a different explanation. Newborn stars retain a surrounding disk of gas and dust for millions of years.
If one such star dived toward our galaxy's central black hole, radiation and gravitational tides would rip apart its disk in a matter of years.
They also identify the likely source of the stray star - a ring of stars known to orbit the galactic center at a distance of about one-tenth of a light-year.
Astronomers have detected dozens of young, bright O-type stars in this ring, which suggests that hundreds of fainter Sun-like stars also exist there.
Interactions between the stars could fling one inward along with its accompanying disk.
Although this protoplanetary disk is being destroyed, the stars that remain in the ring can hold onto their disks.
Therefore, they may form planets despite their hostile surroundings.
As the star continues its plunge over the next year, more and more of the disk's outer material will be torn away, leaving only a dense core.
The stripped gas will swirl down into the maw of the black hole.
Friction will heat it to high enough temperatures that it will glow in X-rays.
'It's fascinating to think about planets forming so close to a black hole,' said Loeb.
'If our civilization inhabited such a planet, we could have tested Einstein's theory of gravity much better, and we could have harvested clean energy from throwing our

waste into the black hole.'


remark:the new come from google

huawei E5776| huawei E5776LTE 4G hotspot|huawei E5776unlocked mobile wireless router

The continuous development of the economy, people to the requirements of the network science and technology is also more and more high. One of the world's leading information and communication solution supplier huawei announced today that huawei E5776 or global the first paragraph support Wi - Fi 2 x 2 Mobile Wi - Fi terminal, compared with other products on the market types, the Wi - Fi speed has been doubled ascension. Satisfy the people's pursuit of science and technology.

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　　LTE DL150Mbps/UL50Mbps@20MHz
    LTE FDD/UMTS/GSM
    2600/2100/1800/900/DD800MHz
    Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n
    Supports 10 simultaneous devices
    1.45TFT screen
    3000mAh E5776 battery
    MicroSD card slot
    Quick start in 5s
    OS: Windows XP/Vista/7,Linux, Mac OS.

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Do you think so.

Clays in Pacific lavas challenge wet early Mars idea

A study of rocks at an old A-bomb test site in the Pacific has led a team of scientists to conclude that early Mars was not so warm and wet as many argue.

The rocks at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia contain clay minerals that look like those seen on the Red Planet.

But whereas the Martian clays are taken to be the products of weathering of rocks by liquid water, the atoll's clays have a very different origin.

These were precipitated directly from water-rich molten rock as it cooled.

The research is published in Nature Geoscience by Prof Alain Meunier from the University of Poitiers, France, and colleagues.

It is interesting because it strikes at the heart of the notion that the Red Planet was awash with water, perhaps at its surface, more than 3.75 billion years ago - an

idea that has been put forward to explain the great abundance of some clay deposits observed from orbit by satellites.

However, the process of clay production at Mururoa, if replicated and widespread on early Mars, would remove the need for such large volumes of water, and with it

possibly a more benign environment for life to establish itself on the planet.

"Mars was not as warm and wet in its earliest time as some have suggested. I do not believe in an early ocean on Mars," Prof Meunier told BBC News.

But [the Mururoa process] explains only the earliest generation of clays on Mars, in the early Noachian period. In later periods, liquid water has existed on Mars'

surface; that is undoubtedly the case."

Free space
The atoll was the site of French nuclear testing from the 1960s to the 1990s.

A lot of rock was drilled from the island as part of that programme and is now available for study.
Prof Meunier's team shows that clays in these volcanic samples were formed directly in place, in the spaces that sometimes arise between cooling rock crystals. They

were not the product of later alteration of the rock through long-term contact with water - the more familiar route to these minerals.

"Inside the basaltic rock as the lava is cooling, the crystals are separated sometimes by free spaces in which the residual fluids are concentrated," Prof Meunier

explained.

"These fluids contain all the components that have not been consumed in the high-temperature crystals like pyroxene, olivine and plagioclase; and among these

components, of course, there is water.

"As the temperature decreases, these fluids are supersaturated with a lot of phases that consume water and all the remaining elements. And this favours the formation

of clay minerals."

What is more, when the team examined the infrared reflectance of the Mururoan lavas, they found the signal to be very similar to the observational data obtained by the

Mars orbiters that have mapped the Red Planet's clay deposits.

Below the surface
Prof John Mustard, of Brown University, Rhodes Island, US, has studied the satellite clay data extensively since its first acquisition in 2005.

He said the new research was a welcome addition to the debate about the early environmental conditions on the planet but that he was not convinced the Mururoan lavas

could explain the great abundance of clays seen in some regions of the Red Planet.

"The question is: how do you generate thick sequences of this stuff? Their model cannot, I don't think, explain a Mawrth Vallis and other thick sections where we can

quite clearly demonstrate many hundreds of metres, if not more, of clay formation. Mawrth Vallis has far too much clay to be produced by this process. The amount of

clays produced by this degassing process is a relatively small amount."
Prof Mustard himself prefers the idea that many of the clays were produced sub-surface at Mars, where warm water could interact with rocks for long periods - such as

in hydrothermal systems. Only later were these buried clays excavated into view by impacts or through the erosion of overlying ground by short-lived bursts of flowing

surface water.

To maintain stable water on the surface of the planet for extended durations would have needed a thick atmosphere - something which is quite hard to reproduce in the

climate models of early Mars, explained Prof Mustard.

"We make the clear argument that a good chunk of the clays were subsurface," he told BBC News.

"I think it's abundantly clear that surface hydrologic systems were probably responsible for a subset of the clay occurrences that we see - but not the dominance.

There's very good evidence for there having been interconnected rivers and lakes, but they're very immature. This fluvial renaissance of Mars was very short-lived."

The debate is about to get lot more interesting thanks to the imminent first direct measurements of clay minerals on Mars.

Nasa has two operational rovers on the planet currently, and both should encounter the deposits.

The Opportunity vehicle is driving around the rim of a big crater known as Endeavour where clays have been sighted from orbit.

And the Curiosity robot, which has just landed in Gale Crater, will be commanded to drive to the base of a mountain where, again, clays have been detected by

satellite.



Remark:the news come from BBC.

Mars rover Curiosity flexes its arm

A month after it landed on Mars, NASA's Curiosity rover extended its robotic arm this week and began a set of exercises that will test the arm's range of motion before it begins deploying the sampling and drilling tools attached to the complex instrument.

NASA scientists will spend six to 10 days while the rover is parked manipulating the 2.1-metre arm into various positions that it will need to be in when employing its various analytical instruments.

"These activities are important to get a better understanding for how the arm functions after the long cruise to Mars and in the different temperature and gravity of Mars, compared to earlier testing on Earth," Daniel Limonadi, lead systems engineer for Curiosity's surface sampling and science system, said in a media release.

Exercises delayed
The rover was to begin the arm exercises Thursday, but they were aborted after a temperature reading on the arm sent a caution signal; they started Friday instead.
The exercises are intended to test out how the arm will scoop up soil, drill into rocks and place samples into its analytical instruments.

"We're still learning how to use the rover," said Joy Crisp, deputy project scientist for the Mars Science Laboratory Project, which built and operates Curiosity from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif.

"It's such a complex machine — the learning curve is steep."

NASA gave reporters an update on the Curiosity mission on Thursday, saying that since landing inside Mars's Gale crater on Aug. 5 the rover has driven a total of 109 metres, more than the length of a football field.

The next stop in its two-year stay on the planet will be a rock formation called Glenelg, but it will take the rover several weeks to get there.

Curiosity takes a whiff of Martian air
NASA said the rover has taken its first gulps of Martian air using an instrument called the Sample Analysis at Mars, or SAM, which takes up more than half the payload of science instruments aboard the rover.
SAM is actually three separate instruments: a mass spectrometer, a gas chromatograph and a tunable laser spectrometer.

These sample and analyze the Martian atmosphere, measuring the abundance of elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, which will give scientists an indication of whether Mars may have at some point supported microbial life.

Scientists will be looking in particular for signs of methane, a short-lived gas that has been spotted by satellites orbiting Mars and by telescopes on Earth. If present, it will indicate there is some replenishing source of it on Mars.

The air samples Curiosity has begun taking are the first tests of Mars's atmospheric chemistry since the Viking Mars landers explored the planet in the 1970s.

NASA also released new colour pictures of the impact marks left by the rover's descent stage apparatus during landing and tracks the rover made on one of its first drives.

The images were taken by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, which observes Mars from orbit.

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Dawn probe leaves Asteroid Vesta

A signal from the probe confirming that it had escaped the gravitational bounds of the 530km-wide rock was received by Nasa on Wednesday.

The spacecraft's ion engine is now pushing it on to an even bigger target in the belt of asteroids between Mars and Jupiter - the dwarf planet Ceres.

Dawn is expected to reach this 950km-wide body in early 2015.

Before departing on its long cruise to the new destination, the probe trained its camera system on Vesta's northern pole.

The pictures reveal mountains and craters that are being seen for the very first time. Only now, as Dawn heads away, has the Sun risen high enough in the sky to illuminate the highest latitudes.

Scientists are poring over the images to see what interpretation they can put on the terrain.

Vesta has the appearance of a punctured football - the result of two mighty impacts that removed huge volumes of rock from its southern pole.

These collisions sent shockwaves rippling across the asteroid, producing a deep system of troughs that extends around the object's equator.

Researchers have speculated that this disturbance might also be reflected in the features hitherto obscured at the northern pole.

However, Dawn's principal investigator Prof Chris Russell said a definitive statement on such matters would have to wait on a detailed assessment of the new pictures.

"We haven't got together to discuss it carefully yet," he told BBC News. "[The region] is not as jumbled as I had expected; it's more subtle than I had expected - but the people who are experts in this particular area do feel that there is an effect of the southern impact."
The Dawn mission has returned a great swathe of data to transform our understanding of Vesta.

Before the probe's arrival in July last year, the best views of the asteroid were some fuzzy pictures acquired by the Hubble Space Telescope.

Dawn studied in detail the pattern of minerals exposed at Vesta's surface and also mapped the diverse geological features shaping its terrain.

These observations have enabled scientists to elucidate a history for the colossal rock.

They now regard it as a unique body - the only remaining example of the original objects that came together to form the rocky planets, like Earth and Mars, some 4.6 billion years ago.

It is clear now that Vesta has a layered interior, with a metal-rich core that takes up some 18% of the body by mass.

All of the other objects like it at the Solar System's birth were either obliterated in the intense collisional environment that existed back then or were incorporated into successively larger aggregations of material that eventually produced the planets we recognise today.

Perhaps the stand-out discovery is the definitive association that can now be made between Vesta and the howardite-eucrite-diogenite, or HED, class of meteorites that regularly fall to Earth.

From telescopic observations, researchers had always suspected these meteorites came from Vesta. But the signatures of pyroxene - a mineral rich in iron and magnesium - in those meteorites have now been matched precisely with the mineral signatures spied in Vesta's surface by Dawn's instruments.

It is highly likely that much of the HED material was thrown off Vesta in those two big impacts at the southern pole.

"We have used those meteorites and their chemical analysis to tell a story about the formation of the Solar System and its evolution, and if that was wrong we'd have had a lot of explaining and new work to do. The fact that it is right, and we've confirmed it, is really very good. It makes our lives a lot simpler," said Prof Russell, who is affiliated to the University of California, Los Angeles.

Why biodiversity increases

Periods of the earth's warming are associated with an increase in biodiversity, according to a study published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. While this may sound like good news, the timescales involved cancel out any benefits they might experience from the rising temperatures.

The team behind the study, led by Dr Peter Mayhew at York University, examined the earth's geological history and fossil records using improved data sets that looked at patterns of marine invertebrate biodiversity over the last 540m years.

They found that biodiversity increases over periods of warming in the earth's climate with many new species emerging, although these are simultaneously accompanied by extinctions of existing species.

Mayhew said: "What seems to be happening is that when we get a warming, this coincides with an upward shift in biodiversity in groups of organisms. So it looks like warm periods are boosting the generation of new species and that's improving biodiversity. However a bit later, and when I say 'a bit', I mean several millions of years later, you get extinctions occurring."

"It's a kind of a mixed picture," he added." We get an improvement in diversity but we also get extinction in new groups. It's just that overall the origination tends to out-do the extinction so biodiversity improves, generally."

But Mayhew doesn't think this changes what we currently understand concerning the loss of species as a result of today's man-made global warming.

"I don't think that there is any good news here", says Mayhew. "If what we need for diversity to improve in these warm climates is time for those organisms to evolve, then that time is going to be much longer than the lifetime of the human race. The lifetime of a species tends to be 1-10m years in the record. So that's how long we can expect humans maybe to survive ... if we get a fair chance at life.

"But I'm afraid it's not good news in terms of what we might experience from global warming in the next few decades. Because obviously extinction can happen rapidly, but speciation [the generation of new species] can't happen rapidly. So unfortunately we're quite likely, simply because of the rate of climate change today, to see extinctions occurring. And we're unlikely to see the benefits that might go along with that, which is the generation of new species."

Therefore despite of the possibility that climate change sceptics might takes these latest findings to suggest that the current warming of the planet is a good thing, Mayhew is very clear about what should be taken away from this study.

"Probably warming is good for speciation. In fact there are a lot of ecological studies that have suggested that there is the potential for earth to support biodiversity may in fact be greater under a global warming scenario. The difficulty is that potential doesn't necessarily translate into reality and species have to exist in order to fulfil that potential.

"I follow the scientific consensus here. The scientific consensus is definitely that current global warming is going to lead to a loss of biodiversity and potentially quite a significant loss. I don't think there is any good data to say otherwise at the moment and most of the data we have is strongly in that direction." He pointed out, for example, that there are big concerns about what is happening in the coral reefs.

So while the study does give us an insight into what happened to species when the planet warmed millions of years ago, it doesn't contradict predictions of greater species extinctions due to current rates of climate change.

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No life on Mars: an eerie foretaste of Earth's future?

Between Knobel and Wien, south of the Aeolian Plain, to the west of the ditches of Cerberus, the mighty strata of Mount Sharp rise out of Gale Crater. None of these names have ever been spoken on Mars, where this photograph was taken by Nasa's Curiosity rover before it started its slow journey across the landscape this week. They are names given by humans, some in the official language of scientific nomenclature, Latin, others – like Mount Sharp – more pet names for vast and remote geographical features.

If the first vague images from Curiosity seemed pale beside science fiction fantasies of life on Mars, this high resolution (and colour-adjusted) picture of Mount Sharp is sublime and awe-inspiring. The 18th century writer Edmund Burke said the glorious horror of the sublime is evoked in us by phenomena that might threaten our existence. The immense cliffs, screes and gullies of this mountain vista, set in an atmosphere too weak to sustain humans, reveal a landscape of lifeless grandeur that surely inspires such mixed emotions. It is a marvellous place that eerily mirrors the most spectacular sights on earth, from the Grand Canyon to the Sahara.

It is easy to see from this picture why Nasa has chosen Mount Sharp as a destination for its most sophisticated robot explorer yet. Curiosity's job is to search for evidence that Mars could have once supported life. The exposed strata that can be seen here must contain, like rock strata on earth, a rich geological history of Mars. Evidence of ancient life-supporting conditions may be found here if anywhere.

Yet "rich" may not be the word. How much chance is there of even the tiniest fossil life form being encountered by Curosity? On Earth, the remote ancient rocks of places like the Burgess Shales in Canada contain weird forms such as the early Cambrian creepy-crawly Hallucigenia. Go for a walk nearly anywhere and you can find fossils of some kind. You don't have to look long, in other words, to find evidence of ancient life in Earth's rocks. Meanwhile in this desolate Martian landscape a machine sent by Earth's most ambitious life forms will pick over the pebbles in search of the merest trace of the possibility of life.

This picture is thrilling and it is terrifying. It is a mirror of Earth's rocky architecture if somehow our planet became lifeless.

Meanwhile on Earth, Republican presidential hopeful Mitt Romney was making the speech of his life as he launches his bid to run the world's most powerful democracy. "President Obama promised to begin to slow the rise of the oceans and heal the planet", he said. "My promise ... is to help you and your family."

And that's when the scientific magnificence of this photograph turns to dread. While we gaze in wonder at a dead planet, what is happening to the living one? The start of Curiosity's mission has coincided with a summer full of danger warnings for life on earth. Suddenly, debates and pseudo-debates about climate change are ancient history. The record melting of Arctic ice this summer points clearly to ice-free summers in the Arctic in the near future. Nasa itself, not long before its Mars mission touched down, discovered startling satellite evidence of an equally dramatic melting of the ice sheet on Greenland. Even former sceptics are accepting the reality and urgency of a change in the life of the Earth caused mainly by human activity.

Mars is a beautiful place, as this picture shows, but it is majestically dead. The universe appears to be full of places like that. What no one has so far found much trace of is a place like this: a planet that jumps with life. Earth is a miracle, quite possibly the greatest miracle in the entire cosmos. It is now proven beyond any reasonable doubt that we are playing dangerously with the very fabric of that miracle, endangering the biological balances of our amazing world. Endangering ourselves. In this picture we look on a dead world. Do those silent strata reveal the Martian past, or our future?